山东省优质地下水资源评价研究     

贾德旺  冯亚伟  卜华 《地下水》2018,(6):12-16,185

地下水是水资源的重要组成部分,山东省作为我国的北方大省,近年来随着人口的增长和经济发展,地下水环境问题日渐突出,表现为水质型缺水和水源型缺水两方面。本文以山东省地下水为研究对象,对全省富水地段及已建水源地逐一进行水质评价及开采潜力评价研究,结果显示:山东省优质水占49.53%,主要分布在鲁中南山区和鲁东低山丘陵区,新圈定的优质地下水富水地段及有开采潜力水源地共计88处,优质地下水允许开采量184.095×10~4m^3/d,可满足一千余万居民生活用水需求。应急情况下富水地段(水源地)允许开采量为434.299×10~4m^3/d,应急开采潜力为279.295×10~4m^3/d,可解决两千余万人生活用水困难。  相似文献   

干旱地区水循环过程中的地下水化学特征研究——以蒙古国前巴音钼矿水源地为例     

杨闪 《地下水》2018,(6):40-42

地下水的水化学类型在径流过程中会不断变化,并在径流与赋存的不同状态下体现出不同特征,体现出不同的地下水运移规律。本文以蒙古国前巴音钼矿水源地为例,选取水源地范围内的19个钻孔水样进行分析,取得了主要阴阳离子、TDS和水化学类型等数据。通过对地下水化学的空间分布特征、TDS值的变化和主要阴阳离子的演化规律进行研究发现:研究区水源地地下水补给来源为大气降水,沟谷东部地区的水循环强度高于西南部地区,外围地区最弱,地下水的水平径流较弱小于垂向;受水循环强度影响沟谷东部形成地矿化度的HCO_3型水,西南部形成HCO_3·Cl·SO_4、HCO_3·SO_4·Cl、HCO_3·SO_4型水,沟谷外围地区形成SO_4·HCO_3·Cl、Cl·SO_4·HCO_3、SO_4·HCO_3、Cl·SO_4型水,干旱地区水循环强度和补径排条件的差异会形成不同的水化学类。  相似文献   

The effects of visual realism,spatial abilities,and competition on performance in map-based route learning in men     

Arzu Çöltekin  Rebecca Francelet  Kai-Florian Richter  John Thoresen  Sara Irina Fabrikant 《制图学和地理信息科学》2018,45(4):339-353

We report on how visual realism might influence map-based route learning performance in a controlled laboratory experiment with 104 male participants in a competitive context. Using animations of a dot moving through routes of interest, we find that participants recall the routes more accurately with abstract road maps than with more realistic satellite maps. We also find that, irrespective of visual realism, participants with higher spatial abilities (high-spatial participants) are more accurate in memorizing map-based routes than participants with lower spatial abilities (low-spatial participants). On the other hand, added visual realism limits high-spatial participants in their route recall speed, while it seems not to influence the recall speed of low-spatial participants. Competition affects participants’ overall confidence positively, but does not affect their route recall performance neither in terms of accuracy nor speed. With this study, we provide further empirical evidence demonstrating that it is important to choose the appropriate map type considering task characteristics and spatial abilities. While satellite maps might be perceived as more fun to use, or visually more attractive than road maps, they also require more cognitive resources for many map-based tasks, which is true even for high-spatial users.  相似文献   

A comparative study of the main factors controlling geohazards induced by 10 strong earthquakes in Western China since the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008     

《China Geology》2023,6(1):70-84

Determining the main controlling factors of earthquake-triggered geohazards is a prerequisite for studying earthquake geohazards and post-disaster emergency response. By studying these factors, the geomorphic and geological factors controlling the nature, condition, and distribution of earthquake-induced geohazards can be analyzed. Such insights facilitate earthquake disaster prediction and emergency response planning. The authors combined field investigations and spatial data analysis to examine geohazards induced by seismic events, examining ten earthquakes including the Wenchuan, Yushu, Lushan events, to elucidate the main control factors of seismic geohazard. The authors observed that seismic geohazard occurrence is usually affected by many factors, among which active nature of the seismogenic fault, seismic peak ground acceleration (PGA), topographic slope and geomorphic height differences, and distance from the fault zone and river system are the most important. Compared with strike-slip earthquakes, thrust earthquakes induce more high-altitude and high-speed remote landslides, which can cause great harm. Slopes of 0°–40° are prone to secondary seismic geohazards, which are mainly concentrated 0–6 km from the river system. Secondary geohazards are not only related to seismogenic fault but also influenced by the associated faults in the earthquake area. The maximum seismic PGA and secondary seismic geohazard number are positively correlated, and the horizontal and vertical ground motions play leading and promoting roles in secondary geohazard formation, respectively. Through the research, the spatial distribution of seismic geohazards is predicted, providing a basis for the formulation of emergency response plans following disasters.©2023 China Geology Editorial Office.  相似文献   

Numerical determination of pressure-dependent effective thermal conductivity in Berea sandstone     

Mirko Siegert  Marcel Gurris  Claudia Finger  Erik H. Saenger 《Geophysical Prospecting》2022,70(1):152-172

In this paper, the methods of digital rock physics are applied to determine pressure-dependent effective thermal conductivity in rock samples. Simulations are performed with an in-house three-dimensional finite volume code. In the first step, four numerical models are derived from a given tomographic scan of Berea sandstone. Consequently, simulations of the thermal conductivity at ambient conditions are performed and validated with experimental data. In a second step, a new workflow for the determination of the pressure-dependent thermal conductivity in rock samples is elaborated, tested and calibrated. Results originating from the derived workflow show very good agreement with experimental data.  相似文献   

广西防城港地区浅层地下水pH值时空分布、成因及对生态环境的影响          下载免费PDF全文

张宏鑫  余绍文  张彦鹏  陈雯  黎清华  刘怀庆  张庆玉 《中国地质》2022,49(3):822-833

【研究目的】查明防城港地区浅层偏酸性地下水时空分布、成因及环境影响。【研究方法】于2013—2015年间进行了浅层地下水pH值现场测试,枯水期214组,丰水期168组;讨论了其时空分布特征、成因和生态影响。【研究结果】结果表明,丰水期和枯水期偏酸性（pH <6.5）地下水样分别占79.3%和64.3%,pH值总体上丰水期低于枯水期。地下水pH值在低山区（均在5≤pH＜5.5范围,平均值5.18,n=4）＜丘陵区（大多数5≤pH＜6.5,平均值5.18,n=202）＜平原区（大多数6.5≤pH＜8.5,平均值6.77,n=8）。【结论】偏酸性地下水成因主要与偏酸性大气降水有关,其次与酸性的包气带介质及硫化物矿物的氧化有关。偏酸性大气降水入渗补给是丰水期pH值低于枯水期的主要原因。相比较而言,潮汐作用使得江平地区地下水pH值升高。偏酸性地下水影响饮水安全（研究区枯水期仅20.6%的样品pH值符合生活饮用水标准）,促进某些有害组分的释放,腐蚀地下管网和建筑桩基等设施。偏酸性地下水向地表水排泄亦可对地表水环境和地表生态系统产生影响。本研究有助于研究区水资源管理。创新点：本研究利用地质调查项目数据优势,系统阐述了防城港地区浅层偏酸性地下水时空分布特征;偏酸性地下水的成因与偏酸性大气降水、酸性包气带介质和硫化物矿物氧化有关;偏酸性地下水对人类健康、地下设施和生态环境具有潜在影响。  相似文献   

黄豆脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀多变量试验研究     

崔猛  符晓  郑俊杰  吕苏颖  熊辉辉  曾晨  韩尚宇 《岩土力学》2022,43(11):3027-3035

植物源脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀（enzyme induced carbonate precipitation,简称EICP）可以显著改善砂土的工程力学特性,但在具体操作时,参数取值无对应规范,固化效果有待提升。基于黄豆脲酶,研究了温度、脲酶浓度、尿素浓度、钙浓度、pH值、钙源种类等变量对脲酶活性与碳酸钙沉淀的影响,并进行了沉淀物（碳酸钙晶体）的扫描式电子显微镜（scanning electron microscope,简称SEM）与X射线衍射（X-ray diffraction,简称XRD）测试,在此基础上开展了黄豆脲酶固化砂的无侧限抗压强度与固化效果试验研究。结果表明：脲酶活性随脲酶浓度的增加而线性增长,但存在温度阈值,温度超过阈值后,脲酶将完全失活,且阈值随脲酶浓度的增大而降低;尿素浓度与pH值共同影响脲酶活性,二者存在一个最优组合,当尿素浓度在0.1～1.0 mol/L时最优pH值为7,当尿素浓度在1.0～1.5 mol/L时最优pH值为8。脲酶是沉淀反应的催化剂,脲酶浓度越高,反应越完全,碳酸钙沉淀率越高;尿素与钙溶液则主要通过掺入量影响碳酸钙沉淀量,掺量比例宜为1:1,且二者浓度与pH值可通过影响脲酶活性来影响碳酸钙的沉淀情况;不同钙源对碳酸钙沉淀量的影响幅度不大。不同钙源沉淀碳酸钙晶体的成分与密度基本相同,但晶体结构差异较大,氯化钙沉淀碳酸钙晶体以块状为主,表面分布球状、类球状晶体,胶结面大,可作为EICP技术中较为理想的钙源。基于黄豆脲酶和氯化钙钙源固化砂的无侧限抗压强度约为掺粉煤灰砂样的6倍,通过SEM图像可发现,沉淀碳酸钙晶体包裹并黏结砂粒成为整体,固化效果非常理想。  相似文献   

基于可见—近红外反射光谱的典型农田重金属污染风险分类研究     

李全坤  赵万伏  文宇博  郭超  刘连文  季峻峰 《高校地质学报》2022,28(6):799-813

对于人为因素或自然因素造成的农田土壤重金属元素污染,需要进行大面积的土壤环境质量调查和分类管控,然而传统的采样测试方法存在工作量大、代价高等问题。可见—近红外（Vis-NIR）反射光谱是一种快速低成本获取土壤理化信息的手段。为研究Vis-NIR反射光谱预测模型划分土壤重金属污染风险类别的能力,文章以典型人为污染地区（浙江温岭）和典型地质高背景地区（广西横县）的390份农田土壤为样本,测定8种重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn）的含量和pH值,并测定土壤Vis-NIR光谱。使用偏最小二乘（PLS）和支持向量机（SVM）算法建立回归模型,对土壤重金属含量和pH值进行预测,并基于预测值进行土壤重金属污染风险分类。结果显示,温岭土壤主要污染元素Cd和Cu的光谱模型回归预测偏差（RPD）分别为1.23和1.19,预测机制与有机质有关。横县土壤主要污染元素As和Cd的RPD分别为1.98和1.93,预测机制与铁氧化物和粘土矿物有关。地质高背景土壤重金属与铁氧化物的正相关性普遍较强,使得光谱模型对重金属含量预测准确度较高。温岭和横县土壤pH值的光谱模型RPD分别为1.76和1.68。土壤重金属污染风险光谱分类的总体 准确度分别为75.0%~100%（温岭）和80.0%~100％（横县）。将Vis-NIR光谱与遥感技术相结合,对农田土壤重金属污染风险进行快速分类总体是可行的。  相似文献   

西安地铁四号线沿线地裂缝的灾害分析与对策研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

徐继山  卢全中  付恒阳 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2012,23(1):76-82

西安地裂缝是一种地区性的地质灾害现象。目前西安共发育有14条地裂缝。地铁四号线将穿越13条,给隧道施工造成了诸多考验。文章选取西安市地铁四号线沿线的地裂缝灾害作为研究对象。探讨了地裂缝对隧道工程的影响因素和致灾特点、以及相关的评估理论方法。最后针对地裂缝灾害特征以及工程特点提出若干防治措施,对于科学研究地裂缝的灾害特点、合理防治地裂缝的灾害发生具有一定的指导意义。  相似文献   

水稻籽实及其根系土壤中镉含量的相关性研究——以几个金土地工程土地整理区为例     

喻凤莲  周成明  邓锐 《四川地质学报》2012,(4):468-471

通过对水稻籽实（大米）及其根系土壤中镉含量的相关性研究表明：酸性水稻土壤区域,根系土中的镉与水稻籽实中的镉相关系数为0．971,说明大米中镉积累与土壤环境中镉含量密切相关。碱性水稻土壤区域,水稻根系土中的镉与水稻籽实中的镉相关系数为0．265,大米中镉含量较低,碱性土壤中镉不易活化而原地淀积,则根系土壤中镉对大米中镉的富集贡献小。水稻根系土壤中有机质（Org）与镉相关系数为0．59,也较为显著。土壤中有机质对重金属元素镉具正吸附作用,有机质含量越高,重金属元素镉呈难吝硫化物而原地淀积。  相似文献